Thanks for the reply. It worked for me one time today, right after updating Fusion to version 8.0.2 and updating the guest VMware tools.
I was happy and surprised that it was fixed so fast, but sadly it wasn't. It only worked one time and did not work when I tried it again after that.
I guess I'll have to boot my Mac to Ubuntu using a bootable USB drive to be able to connect my phone. Very disappointing.